Study into the Feasibility of a Motor Factory Start-Up - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2116 Downloads: 9 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Education Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Introduction: The aim of this project is to study into the feasibility of a motor factors start-up. This is particularly challenging in this current economic down turn. My plan is to open a shop in my local town selling different types of car parts and accessories; I believe there is a good opening for a business like mine to be successful. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Study into the Feasibility of a Motor Factory Start-Up" essay for you Create order As I worked as mechanic in the area for many years, I have noticed a lot of downtime in local garages due to not having parts on time, also the nearest motor factors is about 50 kilometre away, So my business would reduce downtime and fuel cost for customers. I plan to look in the finance available to me, and also look in to what grant are available from the government for people that are planning to start their own business. Im also going to research the market, and wholesalers that supplys the motor factor industry I will also look into the legal issues involved in starting up a business in Ireland. Objectives: The areas I wish to pursue are : Legal issues for starting up. Researching the market and wholesalers. Finance, government funding. Marketing plan and sales. Project schedule Literature review: Motor Factors: According to wiktionary, (2010). The definition of a motor factors, its a supplier of car parts and accessories; they supply Car parts and Tools to the motor trade and to the general public. They can deliver top Quality spurious car parts and service kits at a fraction of genuine parts cost. Item imageItem image Cartridge type oil filters fuel filters Air Filters Business plan: A business plan is very important when setting up a business; it is required when looking for government grants, bank loans and also for Investors Capital. It will give you and them a clear picture of your business, and will show that you have thought it through.it also gives your business direction, and let you know what is facing you in the future of the business. Joshua Feinberg states four Benefits of producing a business plan are Motivation, Planning, Analysis and Strategy. Motivation: can help you concentrate with your business plan idea i and giving you a better direction. This will assist you in seeing the direction of your original idea. Planning: can help you show where you are at the moment and where and where you are planning to end up. It gives you assurance where you are going. Analysis: helps you to consider other options that you would normally regard as important. It also helps you interact with different areas of the business. It helps you compare with other generation, how that ties into your services, delivery, and accumulation margins, after tax forecasting. Strategy: helps you compare the type of interaction between your business and other local businesss in the area. By practicing this you will have achieved the main sources of information about your competitors; which will be very important for your future. A business plan give you a direction and puts you plan on paper, when things are in front of you it is easier to see your strengths and weakness much quicker, you then will be able to correct any problems that you have encounter have time to correct these areas and corrected them before you enter the business. Enterprise Ireland (2010) has stated may Question that is asked in a business plan. Details of yourself and anyone else involved in running the business? Your business idea Details of yourself? Where and how you will sell; how much you will sell? Your premises? The equipment you will need? The suppliers you will use? Details of the staff you will employ? How much money you will need? How do you hope to raise the money you need? An expected profit/loss calculation for the first year? Details of business advisors if you have one? Start-up Business Grants: A start-up business grant is finance that is available from the government which helps you get started in your business. According to my local enterprise board, (2010) people setting up their own business are entitled Priming Grants, they must fulfil the following areas ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ have to be Located in the county enterprise board area. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ A business which on growth that may not suit Enterprise Ireland ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ A business employing up to 10 staff ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ A Manufacturing or internationally traded services business ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ A Domestically traded Service business with the potential to trade internationally. ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ A domestically traded services being established by a female returning to the workforce or unemployed persons where the potential for deadweight and displacement does not exist. County Enterprise Board s tates suitable clients may be entitled to a Priming Grant in the first eighteen months of starting a new business. The maximum Priming Grant that will be paid will be 50 % of the cost of the investment or up to ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬150,000 whatever comes first. Grants over ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬80,000 and up to ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬150,000 will have to be projects with to qualify to Enterprise Ireland and potential to export internationally . A Grant will be 50% of the total investment, the maximum grant available is ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬80,000 . It is Subject to a 50% limit, a maximum grant of ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬15,000 for a full time job created shall apply to an employment support grant. Back to Work Enterprise Allowance: According to Citizens Information.ie (2010) you can apply of the Back to Work Enterprise Allowance if you are: Setting up as self-employed in a business that has been approved by your local enterprise board, and getting a Jobseekers Allowance for 12 months or Unemployed for 2 years and getting Jobseekers Benefit. Getting One-Parent Family Payment, Disability Allowance, Blind Pension, Farm Assist, Incapacity Supplement, Pre-Retirement Allowance, Invalidity Pension, Carers Allowance, Widows/Widowers (Non Contributory) Pension, Deserted Wifes Benefit/Allowance or Prisoners Wifes Allowance for at least 12 months Getting Illness Benefit for 3 or more years Getting Farm Assist for 12 months, providing that the self-employment is now in relation to the holding and not the continuation of an existing operation. A qualified adult of a person eligible to claim the BTWEA. This involves the person who is eligible for the BTWEA transferring his or her entitlements to their spouse or partner. (In other words, the spouse or partner becomes self-employed and the original claimant becomes the qualified adult on the BTWEA). If the original claimant is entitled to credits, he or she can continue to claim them. A person released from prison that satisfies the eligibility criteria for the scheme Periods of time spent in Fà S Training, Community Employment, and the Community Services Programme. Finance: Bizstart up.ie (2010) states when looking for finance to start a business, your finance provider like AIB will have to consider for five key points, these are Character ,Capacity, Capital, Collateral and Conditions, they call this the five C , and this is what helps them to decide on what to do. Character: Good character is Honesty, integrity and reliability is the qualities that mean you will make every effort to repay your debt. In relation to your business, you must be able to prove that you are an effective manager with a good reputation. Its is very important to be honest and upfront about your credit history and any business problems you may have had in the past. Capacity: You will need to show how your business will created the cash flow that will repay the credit that you are looking for. Your financial plan must show how repayments will be generated. If the business does not develop as planned you need to explain your capacity to repay the credit facility if the business does not develop as planned. You will have to show other sources of income for a backup plan. Capital: Business capital is split between the equity (this is your own money you have put into the business) and the debt (money borrowed from banks). Equity capital acts as a cushion to absorb first losses, while debt capital must be repaid to the bank however the business goes. If you are taking a big risk The bank is also taking one, so if you are seeking to borrow money for a new business AIB will, like most lenders, need to see that you have made a reasonable financial investment. Collateral: Collateral is the security given to a lender for protection in case the business cannot repay the loan. It can be any one of a range of business and personal assets, including buildings, vehicles, machinery, land title and business debtors. If the business cannot generate enough cash to repay the credit facility, the lender may have to take the collateral. This is always the last resort for the banks to do. It is advisable to seek legal advice before providing collateral against credit facilities. Conditions: Conditions and trends in your sector and the economy are big factors in determining the success of your business. Opportunities or threats to your business can arise from , technology, competition, regulation and economic or social changes. You may not be able to control all these factors, but you must be aware of them and be prepared to respond to change. When you look for bank finance, you need to be able t o give your research of the market and how your business will cope with potential downturns in the market. Marketing plan: Wikipedia, (2010) says that Marketing is the way of performing market research, selling products and services to customers and promoting them by advertising to further increase sales. This creates sales techniques, business communication, and business developments. It is a process that which companies build strong customer relationships and creates value for money for their customers and for themselves. Marketing is used to identify the customer and to keep the customer happy, and to hold on to the customer. Marketing is everything you can do to put your product in the hands of the customers. Marketing is also about finding the right people that are interested in your product. According to allbusiness.com, (2010) its important to extend yourself and your business to meet your customers needs. This means stepping up customer service and communicating with customers regularly by email and mailing post to them. Stick closely to how your services are helpful and cost-effective. Y ou need to maintain your relationship with existing customers who will be there when the economy takes up. You can support a project in your community. This will market yourself effectively and show your concern by getting involved in community, this will get local people interested in your business and they will support in return. During a slow economy you must provide customers with attractive package, not only do you want the customers to buy what they need, you must give them a reason to buy it from you. Choosing a Business or Legal Entity: Carlow county enterprise board,(2010). states the first decisions that should be made is to decide on the legal body through which you intend to carry the business on, they are four options you can chose from, Sole trader, Partnership/Limited Partnership, Limited Company A Sole trader is a person carrying on a business in their own name. The debts and liabilities belong to the sole trader to the extent their business and private assets. https://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSL29zMb272aF4l1rOdvnaiL12zRTEbRTZvNQEPrAYhcbVNVlvkaQhttps://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSL29zMb272aF4l1rOdvnaiL12zRTEbRTZvNQEPrAYhcbVNVlvkaQhttps://t1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSL29zMb272aF4l1rOdvnaiL12zRTEbRTZvNQEPrAYhcbVNVlvkaQPartnership/Limited Partnership This is where two or more people are working together on a business with the intention of making a profit. It is strongly advisable that a written partnership agreement is put in place which specifies the rights and responsibilities of all partners Limited Company This is where a group of people with limited liability is formed for the purpose of the business to be carried on in the name of the group. A private company with limited liability is the most appropriate to most small businesses, In order to register as a private limited company; you must register with the company office. Register for VAT: Irish Revenue,(2010). states a trader is generally required to register for VAT for making supplies of goods and/or services, subject to his or her turnover exceeding certain amount. The most common amount isÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬75,000 for the supply of goods, and ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã… ¡Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¬37,500 for the supply of services. Some traders are generally not required to register for VAT, although they can choose to do so. These include traders whose turnover does not exceed the amount above, and also farmers. https://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSLXAiz_AsAbH_G7_10JI9mHzYShjZxVrYn0bx6XuveF9Hk7apihttps://t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcSLXAiz_AsAbH_G7_10JI9mHzYShjZxVrYn0bx6XuveF9Hk7api

The Impacts of Internet on Adolescents in Hong Kong

The Impacts of Internet on Adolescents in Hong Kong This is a study of mass media in Hong Kong by focusing on how teenagers consume internet by researching on the usage amp; categories (this will give a solid introduction to this paper) and three modern problems (heavy uses of social platform, internet addiction, and online gaming addictionâ€Å") that a number of teenagers in Hong Kong seems to have or come across with, with reference to data and information that suggest the existent of these phenomenon. In addition Hong Kong’s data will be compared with some western data. Usage amp; Categories: Starting from usage amp; categories, there will be no doubt to say that almost every teenager in Hong Kong have access to a computer and internet†¦show more content†¦We‘re playing Celtics, tie ball game at da half. Coach wants more toughness. I gotta step up.†5 and this have been supported by a huge amount of data worldwide, just by looking at Hong Kong itself, it would be highly likely that people set their homepage either as Yahoo! Or Google so it is no surprise that these two sites are top three ranked (with Microsoft between them) in the number of unique visits but right behind them at the ranking comes Facebook at number four4, so this shows how bad this issue is impacting and will continue to do so our teenage hood. On the other hand Times had an article saying that the length you spend on social network would have an effect on candidate’s GPA score (↑Social Network Usage = ↓GPA Score)6. It is with no doubt this social problem is affec ting teenagers these days and should be addressed carefully before it gets out of control soon. Internet Addiction: Internet addiction has been a massive social problem in Hong Kong. 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Financial Accounting Analysis Report Economic theory

Question: Describe about the Financial Accounting Analysis Report for Economic theory. Answer: Introduction Fashion clothing is a clothing company who is planning to set up the business with the business with the initial investment of $200,000. The company is looking to invest its funds and start its operation by dealing in clothes. The current information about the basis of issue of financial instruments is prepared in accordance with the policies and procedures. The report also represents the additional set of information that which is not disclosed elsewhere in the report presented to the owners of fashion clothing but it is relevant in the understanding of issue of any such financial statement. Main financial findings: Fashion clothing presents a complete set of financial statements, which consists of information regarding the issue of various financial statements for the financial year of 2015. Fashion Clothing presents its report in the reporting period, which discloses the period covered in the issue of the financial statement and its findings. The report is prepare with the view of keeping in mind that the financial findings is presented with the review assuming that Fashion clothing is going concern and will continue to exists in operation for the foreseeable course of future (Hoskin et al 2014). The report is consists of presentations and classification of items in the financial findings which are used during the financial year of 2015. The report also defines that any materiality changes and commitments which affects the financial position of the Fashion Clothing which have incurred during the course of financial year to the financial statement which is related to the financial statement of the report. This discloses the amount of the capital and the reason for such investment. The company established with the initial funds establish its functions of operations. The statement of income states that the company plans to presents a projected cash flow of fashion clothing. As per the statement of income , the first item is the revenue that is approximated for the next six months with December as the actual end year. five years with 2015 as the actual end year. The revenue refers to the amount acquired by the company from sales. The actual figure for the revenue during the month of July is recorded to be $225,000 which remains constant for the remaining period from august to December. Therefore, the financial projection for the year 2015 assumes increase in revenue if the company initial investments increases as currently due to its huge cost of investment in materials most part of the revenue are under accounts receivable. The revenue approximations for the subsequent months from the month of August to December forecast the same revenue because the cost of raw materials issued remains constant with the figure of $65000 for the rest of the financial year (Barton and Simko 2012.). Financial accounting statements: The list of line items concerning the business report demonstrates the face of the financial position, which are as follows. Cash Tangible assets Capital Additional purchase of assets Purchase of materials Sales considerations Sales considerations Next object, which is approximated in the statement of income for the first six months, is the expenditure of sale of goods. The expenditure of sale of goods refers to the cost obtained during the purchase or else procuring the goods along with the services of the business. The expenditure of sale of goods obtained during the year 2015 stands at 145,000 for the month of July and remained constant for the rest of the month from July to December. There for the cost of goods sold does not shows any signs of upward rise. Gross profit is usually catalogued after deducting the cost of goods sold from the revenue. In the year 2015, the tangible number of gross profit is recorded to be $80,000 Consequently, this number too is projected to ultimately remain constant for the rest of the period. However according to the financial terms such figures need to increase with the increase in sales (Mills and Yamamura 2013). The operational expenses for Fashion Clothing mainly include the marketing expenses as well as the general in addition to with the depreciation charge of 15000. Analysis: Analysis in context of three financial statements: Profit earned after tax that is the PAT is obtained by deducting the costs of operating expense and provisions for tax as the share from the profit from diverse business operations of the corporation. The profit after tax stood for the month of July was 19167 and remained constant for the remaining period of financial year 2015. This number is not usually the procedure of listing up the quantity of cash generated by a particular company during a specific period. This is for the reason that the statement of profit and the loss also include diverse non-cash expends. . However, amount of tax to be paid by the company is also expected to increase with increase in the entire proceeds of the corporation in the subsequent periods. Investigation to increase the efficiency: The report also represents the additional set of information that which is not disclosed elsewhere in the report, which is relevant in the understanding of issue of the overdraft facilities. The business needs to consider the cash flow statement by deducting the available cash, which means that business with low capital investment will be overburdened with the repayment along with the risk profile. If the business is prepared to take higher risk and it will be able to perform well with the high gearing ratio (Aghion et al 2014). As the business approaches for over draft facilities, bank may charge the fixed rate over the assets of the company. It will also the asks the owners to lent a personal guarantees and may implement a floating charge over the assets. Floating will be charged on the stock which is constant sold or replaced by the business. Conclusion: The owners of the business on receiving the report for information approves for negotiation of overdraft facilities for long term basis which will carry certain amount of the interest rate. The owners of Fashion clothing on the other hand approves that the profit and revenue earned after a period of six months on the parameters as indicated in this report. In weighting this factor is has been considered that these financial statement be issued prior on the approval of owners of Fashion clothing. Reference list: Aghion, P., Bacchetta, P. and Banerjee, A., 2014. A corporate balance-sheet approach to currency crises.Journal of Economic theory,119(1), pp.6-30. AUDITED, U., 2008. Cash Flow Statement.Notes,2015. Barton, J. and Simko, P.J., 2012. The balance sheet as an earnings management constraint.The accounting review,77(s-1), pp.1-27. Benavente, J.M., Johnson, C.A. and Morande, F.G., 2013. Debt composition and balance sheet effects of exchange rate depreciations: a firm-level analysis for Chile.Emerging markets review,4(4), pp.397-416. Hoskin, R.E., Fizzell, M.R. and Cherry, D.C., 2014.Financial accounting: a user perspective. Wiley Global Education. Mills, J. and Yamamura, J.H., 2013. The power of cash flow ratios.Journal of Accountancy,186(4), p.53. Nurnberg, H., 2016.Cash Flow Statement. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Penman, S.H. and Penman, S.H., 2015.Financial statement analysis and security valuation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

War Justification Essays - Jihad, Islam And Other Religions

War Justification The justification of war has been an ideal that has caused much debate and controversy for humanity throughout all time. It has been studied and interpreted by many theologians, philosophers, and politicians. There have many manuscripts documenting the correct use of war and the proper means of exercising force. Within the western tradition two main principles, the Christian and Islamic, have appeared that attempt to explain just war in relation to maintaining a peaceful society. Both of these traditions have similar main premises of a constant battle between a split society, one of good and the other of evil. However, there are many differences within each of the two respective religions view on the ideas of the conception of a well ordered society, the religious and secular influences on each ideology, and the justification and authorization of war. The Christian conception of a well-ordered, peaceful society, the City of God, was maintained and influenced by the ideal of just war. The City of God theory was created by St. Augustine of Hippo in the 4th century. His motivation for his writing was fueled by the decaying Roman Empire. St. Augustine felt that the collapse of the western empire to the invading barbarians resulted from the peaceful Christian ethic. "The charge was the traditional Christian pacifism had helped create untenable military circumstances for the western empire, the Church's concern to prepare it's members for the next life, had led to an ahistorical and socially irresponsible approach to the inescapable problems of individuals and societies in history (Tranquillitas Ordinis, Weigel)." Within his writings, he made a clear distinction between two cities, one that was based for Earthly living (City of Earth) and one that was based on love for God (City of God). He believed the City of Earth was capable of doing good, however was fundamentally evil because the only pure good is God. There is a direct correlation between the City of Earth and the Roman Empire. Augustine pointed out the many achievements of the Roman State, but felt it did not give God his due (Holy War Idea, Johnson). In order to correct this situation God created salvation for the inhabitants of the City of Earth through grace. By altering human motivations to become properly ordered through the love for God (Holy War Idea, Johnson). With this love for God, the City of God will become a reality. This entire society stemmed from individual motivation, and for love of neighbor. Augustine felt that a selfish motivation was a sign of a sinner. Only a good person would have right motivation, which is expressed as love towards God. To maintain this peaceful society it would have to have the following three characteristics: Justice, Order, and Peace. To uphold these ideals, there existed a positive attitude towards just war. Just war aided the transformation from the presently evil world to the benevolent City of God. The Muslim concept of a well-ordered society, dar al-Islam, developed their ideals of jihad. Classical Islamic thought partitioned the world into two separate societies. The Dar al-Islam was considered the territory of peace, and the dar al-harb was literally the"territory of war". The dar al-Islam is an area that promotes and signifies the supremacy of Muslims beliefs. The dar-al Islam is the area of peace and justice, it is considered to be the most secure place for all humans. The people of this territory need not be Muslims, they have to acknowledge the Muslim rule, and they need to be of a monotheistic religion. Jews, Christians and Zoroastrians were all allowed to live within the Dar al-Islam peacefully. The important aspect of non-Muslims living within the dar al-Islam is their behavior. Right action, not right thought was used to define which inhabitants can exist within the Dar al-Islam. By Contrast, the dar a-Harb was the state of unrest and war. It is characterized by strife and internal disorder (Islam and War, Kelsay). This disorder, if mobilized correctly could become a threat to the dar al-Islam. The peace of the world could only occur if it was all part of the dar al-Islam. These two areas were constantly in a state of war with each other. For Muslims to carry out their submission to God, they must attempt to destroy the dar al-harb. "Muslims are charged with extending that obedience over the entire Earth, thus eliminating this perpetual state of war and instituting a universal reign of peace (Holy War Idea, Johnson)." This struggle leads to the concept of the jihad. Literally translated jihad means

Conflicts in the hip hop industry essays

Conflicts in the hip hop industry essays Are the waging wars in the hip hop world just a cunning way to receive more airplay, or is there an ongoing battle with hip hop stars strictly keeping it on vinyl? These and many more questions are posed as we face this ongoing dilemma. It seems as if hip hop stars are taking their eyes off the green and keeping their eyes on each other. Every time you turn around theres a new battle or beef two more rappers going at it to put each others lyrical content to the test. Since the late Notorious B.I.G. and Tupac, conflicts between lyricists have been popping up by the dozens. Although there hasnt been a greater tragedy than B.I.G. and Tupac, the lyrical content has definitely stepped it up a notch and has become more aggressive. Usually the battles will derive from one rapper, and will be quickly responded to, sometimes within a matter of hours. Input by the fans defiantly has a large impact when it comes to deciding who won that battle and walked out with the respect. This shows a side of hip hop that exposes, and leaves the profession vulnerable for harsh criticism. The most exciting part of the industry is when two well known artists decide to go head to head and put their lyrical content to the test. Marshall Bruce Mathers III, was born October 17, 1973, in Kansas City, Missouri, USA. This white rapper burst onto the US charts in 1999 with a controversial take on the horror core genre. Mathers endured an itinerant childhood, living with his mother in various states before eventually ending up in Detroit at the age of 12. He took up rapping in high school before dropping out in ninth grade, joining ad hoc groups Basement Productions, the New Jacks, and D12. The newly named Eminem released a raw debut album in 1997 through independent label FBT. Infinite was poorly received, however, with Eminem earning unfavorable comparisons to leading rappers such as Nas and AZ. His determination to succeed was given a boost by a pro...

Theres and There are

Theres and There are Theres and There are Theres and There are By Maeve Maddox An odd-looking contraction Ive noticed recently is therere for there are. Haiti Airport Baggage Handlers, Therere Just Too Many! Therere too many kids Therere Just A Few Days Left If Therere Seasons(song title) Contractions are supposed to be easy to say. For example, theyre for they are is easy to utter, but adding another re to there to create therere produces a word difficult to pronounce. I wonder if this nearly unpronounceable contraction may have something to do with the proliferation of theres to begin sentences in defiance of the rules of agreement between subject and verb: Theres ten members on the council. Perhaps the speaker knows better, but is in contraction mode and at the last minute decides that ungrammatical theres is a better choice than unpronounceable therere. Besides being difficult to pronounce, therere looks peculiar. In writing intended to be read by others, its probably best to avoid such ungainly contractions as therere and wherere. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101Difference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Honorary vs. Honourary

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1900 Assignment Three Essay

AMERICAN HISTORY SINCE 1900 Assignment Three - Essay Example Detractors who said they could see the wisdom in some of the New Deal initially, but then feel that it went too far later pointed this out.    Perkins, Frances. The Roosevelt I Knew. New York: Viking, 1946. Print. Roosevelt showed numerous strengths as a crisis leader. He had the courage to break with the orthodoxy of the day, which is always a difficult thing to do. He took a look at the large picture and realized that letting business attempt to create some sort of Utopia was not going to end the Depression. His willingness to try something new shows good crisis leadership. He was decisive and did not waver from his basic ideals. Roosevelt did show that he could also over-react in a crisis. When the Supreme Court threatened some of his legislation and others declared unconstitutional, he showed poor judgment by trying to pack the Supreme Court with extra justices that were sympathetic to his policies. This type of rash maneuver showed that Roosevelt could create drama that actual ly made it harder to manage the crisis of the Great Depression. Leuchtenburg, William Edward. The Supreme Court Reborn: the Constitutional Revolution in the Age of Roosevelt. New York: Oxford UP, 1995. Print. The beginning of World War II changed American society in many ways. Economically, the spending on wartime manufacturing ended the Great Depression. Millions of jobs were created. But with many men called away to fight, different groups provided the labor. American teenagers dropped out of school in record numbers to work in factories. Women left the home and childcare responsibilities to work in manufacturing facilities. This greatly expanded economic opportunities for women. Minorities of all sorts were affected by the war as well. Opportunities to serve in the armed forcers were provided to African-Americans and Native Americans. American society changed forever. I am writing to recommend my very good friend Donald â€Å"The Donald† Trump as the ultimate businessman o f the 19th and 20th century. This is a fitting nomination for a gentleman that in many ways embodies the very essence of the hard-driving entrepreneurship that has helped to make America the great nation that it is. We are all aware that Donald Trump is a household name. But that isn’t why I feel he deserves this award. Plenty of business people have become household names, but none have done so with as much panache and bravado as The Donald. In order to most fully understand why Donald Trump is where he is today, we need to look at where he began. Donald grew-up in Queens and as a result has had a love of New York City his entire life. He followed in his father’s footsteps by working in the family real estate development business. It would be easy for some to say that Donald really didn’t have to work hard for his success. He was handed a business started by his father. Some might say that his story is simply a case of the rich getting richer. This might be tru e if it wasn’t for the fact that even before Donald joined the family business, he was showing the drive that would get him where he is today. His schooling was adequate at Fordham University but Donald wanted the best. He transferred to the Wharton School of Business at Penn University because he wanted to be in the very best school (Trump).

Entreprenenuship Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Entreprenenuship - Essay Example However, the success rate associated with such business models depends on the business scope and strategic effectiveness of an entrepreneur. Specifically mentioning, the UK’s domestic market has currently emerged out of an economic recession. In this regard, it can be predicted about the difficulties faced for the success of the small and medium scale entrepreneurial businesses. Justification to this statement can be provided depending on the fact that within a stabilized economy, the existence of government restrains will be comparatively less and the scope of carrying out the business processes in an appropriate manner will be high (Trading Economics, 2014). Taking consideration of the aforementioned aspects, the discussion focuses towards understanding the significance of growing entrepreneurial business within an economically stabilizing nation such as the UK. In this context, different theories are considered with the aim of having a better understanding about entrepreneurial activity in the UK. Based on the above graph, it can be analysed that the UK economy has drastically entered into a state of instability between the periods of 2012 and 2013. However, the nation appears to have shown appreciable amount of economic growth between the 3rd quarter of 2013 and the final quarter of 2014. Thus, the nation has made consistent efforts towards attracting the attention of the young entrepreneurs who intended to establish their own business and contribute to the economic wellbeing of the UK. With stability within the economic growth pace, the chances of opportunity for entrepreneurship will be much higher in comparison to that of the necessity of entrepreneurship. Moreover, after the economic recession state, the UK government structure has also projected appreciable amount of flexibility within new business licensing and registration procedures in order to create the overall business establishment for new entrepreneurs as

Whom do you admire more as a leader Essay Example for Free

Whom do you admire more as a leader Essay These two heroes have embarked from the same destination but on very different journeys. Whilst they are both Iliadic heroes at the start of their stories, they develop and adapt their manner towards the characteristics required of them to succeed. Before we judge them, it is necessary to determine our definition of a successful leader. A hero from the Iliad must be a speaker of words and one who is accomplished in action, according to the horseman Phoinix (Iliad. 9. 413). A leader must have these primary qualities then, as he must lead by example, but to create the ideal we must add to this. The leader should rely on no others but in turn listen to sound counsel. He should be fair in his justice, in control of his situation and surroundings, keep his men abreast of the plan of action and reasoning behind it, remain calm under pressure and have compassion and understanding for his people. Thus his primary concerns should be the welfare of his people, their security and maintaining peace at all costs. His men, a good indicator of his leadership to us, should therefore give him loyalty, trust, and obedience, if the leader has led them suitably. The performance of the men is also important, and what they achieve under his direction is representative of his strength of leadership, though this must be compared with how they act without his presence. These measures can be seen as the important assets of a competent leader, though extenuating and uncontrollable circumstances must be taken into account, as we make a sound judgement of our two heroes. Aeneas and Odysseus themselves are different, both in character and in their quest. Whilst Aeneas is born of the goddess Venus, Odysseus lineage has no close link to a deity. However, whilst Aeneas is of divine descent, he receives little or no help from his mother. When he lands at Carthage and Venus is kind enough to give him information about Didos people, she is disguised and departs immediately after having spoken, to the despair of Aeneas (you so often mock your own son you too are cruel A. 1. 406). The other help he receives is limited (thick mist A. 1. 411) and with no knowledge of its existence. Whilst his mother is vehement in defending her son and his people when she is on Olympus (it is unspeakable. We are betrayed A. 1. 252 take pity on them A. 10. 60), no action is taken to ease him in his distress or console him in person. Within the Aeneid, the gods are not the ever-present guardians that Athene is to Odysseus in the Odyssey, whether they agree or not (Hercules checked the great groan helpless tears streamed A. 10. 465). Athene on the other hand, not only helps Odysseus with her divine power but she gives him advice (go to the swineherd O. 13. 403), disguises him (change you beyond recognition O. 13. 396), and even cares for his family (instil more spirit into Odysseus son O. 1.89, prompted the wise Penelope O. 21. 1). She is very intimate with Odysseus, conversing at length and speaking very openly (you are so persuasive, so quick-witted, so self-possessed O. 13. 333). Whilst Venus never alights on the earth to console Aeneas in his grief (heart sick at the sadness of war A. 8. 29), Athene can not bear to leave her hero in distress (I cannot desert you in your misfortunes O. 13. 332). Aeneas is in fact quite a lonely character and doesnt even compete in the games of Book 5, which we can easily imagine Odysseus competing in (as in the Iliad). His lack of personal contact with the gods shows that he is just a pawn, merely a very important pawn. However, the actual tangible help that Aeneas receives is far greater than Athenes to Odysseus. The son of Venus receives divine weapons beyond all words and of shining splendour. Neptunes actions against the work of Juno allow his crew to survive the shipwreck (calming the swell A. 1. 145). Thus, whilst Aeneas is never given a piece of news from the Olympians that he actually wants to hear (dumb and senseless A. 4. 280), his physical aid from the gods is great. Odysseus receives emotional and strategic help from Athene (the two of them sat down to scheme O. 13. 371), as well as assistance from Hermes in person. However, his encounters with monsters and magic are largely left to him. He is given no divine armour, and Athene checks her aid in deference to Poseidon. But Venus just goes head to head with Juno, despite her lesser status, and aids Aeneas. Odysseus walks with the gods and they interact with him regularly but this counterbalances his character as a loner. Aeneas leadership begins in conjunction with his father Anchises who dies in Sicily, but his son Ascanius is on the voyage also. He also has no alienation from his men, such as Achates, and listens to their words (there is no danger A. 1. 584). Odysseus on the other hand has a difficulty with listening to people. Despite Agamemnons warning in Book 11 (make a secret approach O. 11. 456), it takes Athenes reminder (tell not a single person O. 13. 308) to prevent catastrophe (I would certainly have come to a miserable end if you, goddess, had not made all this clear to me O. 13. 383). He ignores Circes advice not to put on his armour when he goes past Scylla. He ignores his mens attempts to stop him saying his name to the Cyclops. This inability to accept criticism or advice hampers a good relationship with his men. Odysseus hardly ever refers to his men by name and the only man whom we hear in person is the treacherous Eurylochus and the drunken ghost of Elpenor. No direct speech from a living Ithacan on Odysseus crew is ever said to him in kind. Though Odysseus goes so far as to divide the men up and share command with Eurylochus, his pondering as to whether or not he should lop his head off counts against it. Odysseus acts very much on his own compared to Aeneas whom only ever parts company from his men when he is with Dido and when he first lands on Carthage. However, Odysseus is frequently dividing himself from his men. He receives the souls of the dead on his own, with no Sibyl to guide him. He forages on his own in Scherie, he lands his ship away from the others at Telepylus, he lets no one else control the rudder leaving Aeolia and he sleeps away from the others upon Thrinacie. Odysseus repetitive action of taking everything upon himself points to the different nature of his and Aeneas travels. Odysseus is going home to free his wife, his home, and his kingdom. His men just happen to be going to the same place. Aeneas though is going to found a new race with his people. It is essential, for his mission to be completed successfully, that he reaches Latium with a band of men to found Rome. Odysseus though has no commitment to his crew. Homer is very insistent on the fact that the Ithacans on the ship are not worth saving and could not have been saved from destruction, despite Odysseus attempts (in spite of all his efforts their own transgression that brought them to their doom O. 1. 6). The point that these are his fellow countrymen, whom he should have the utmost concern for , as their king, seems to be ignored. Aeneas has no legal duty to his crew as their king, unlike Odysseus. The Ithacan crew does have their shortcomings but compared to the Trojans, the Ithacans arduous trials on the seas are far worse. No rest is received from Troy until Aeaea. The Sirens, and Scylla and Charybdis also occur without a pit stop in between it is not surprising that Eurylochus expresses the wish of the men to land and take on supplies (you expect us, just as we are[to] go wandering off over the foggy sea O. 12. 285). The crew has lost 11 ships by the time they leave the Laestrygonians.

Newtons Method :: Newton-Raphson Method

Finding roots of a function is often a task which faces mathematicians. For simple functions, such as linear ones, the task is simple. When functions become more complex, such as with cubic and quadratic functions, mathematicians call upon more convoluted methods of finding roots. For many functions, there exist formulas which allow us to find roots. The most common such formula is, perhaps, the quadratic formula. When functions reach a degree of five and higher, a convenient, root-finding formula ceases to exist. Newton’s method is a tool used to find the roots of nearly any equation. Unlike the cubic and quadratic equations, Newton’s method – more accurately, the Newton-Raphson Method – can help to find roots of nearly any type of function, including all polynomial functions.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Newton’s method use derivative calculus to find the roots of a function or relation by first taking an approximation and then improving the accuracy of that approximation until the root is found. The idea behind the method is as follows. Given a point, P(Xn,Yn), on a curve, a line tangent to the curve at P crosses the X axis at a point whose X coordinate is closer to the root than Xn. This X coordinate, we will call Xn+1. Repeating this process using Xn+1 in place of Xn will return a new Xn+1 which will be closer to the root. Eventually, our Xn will equal our Xn+1. When this is the case, we have found a root of the equation. This method may be unnecessarily complex when we are solving a quadratic or cubic equation. However, the Newton-Raphson Method compensates for its complexity in its breadth. The following examples show the versatility of the Newton Raphson Method.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Example 1 is a simple quadratic function. The most practical approach to finding the roots of this equation would be to use the quadratic equation or to factor the polynomial. However, the Nowton-Raphson method still works and allows us to find the roots of the equation. The initial number, Xn, 3, is a relatively poor approximation. The choice of 3 illustrates that the initial guess can be any number. However, as the initial approximation worsens, the calculation becomes more laborious.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Example 2 demonstrates one of the advantages to Newton’s method. Function 2 is a Quintic function. Mathematician, Niels Henrik Abels proved that there exists no convenient equation, such as the cubic equation, which can help us find the function’s roots.

Money: Crime and Great Gatsby

Jonathan Marshall Ms. Herring English 11 – Great Gatsby Essay 3/27/13 Period 5 Dark Side of Money There's only one thing that truly rules our world that we live in today. It's what pretty much everybody strives for, and it's the only reason why people want to be successful. Some believe it brings happiness and joy. This â€Å"thing† is a necessity for life; it's money. Money is what makes the world go around. It is the one thing that each and every person on Earth wishes they had more of. However, what most of these people don't realize is that money is also the root to all evil.The book â€Å"The Great Gatsby† portrays this theme in a lot of different ways. This negative idea towards money consists of jealousy, unequal power, and murder; all caused by money. In the same ways and more, money is the root to all evil in our own society as well. Many crimes occur with some sort of direct relation to money. Although everybody strives for more money, not everybody spe nds it wisely or legally. Unfortunately, the book â€Å"The Great Gatsby† and these real life examples are true depictions of reality and everyday lfie.Robberies are often committed in our own communities because of individuals seeking money. There are many examples of this including the â€Å"Luger Bandit† in Los Angeles whos has robbed many banks recently. The latest case was on March 10, 2013. He simply walks into a Wells Fargo bank with a gun, makes the costumers lay on the floor, and forces the employees at gunpoint to put money in his bag. Soon, this man will be arrested and thrown into prison. This kind of action will affect many of his family and friends.These robberies can easily turn worse by the pulling of a trigger. Any unfortunate person that was at the wrong place at the wrong time could die. This would mean that that innocent individual died just because of a man's criminal pursuit for money. Another type of criminal activity caused by the pursuit for mo ney in our community is when someone steals from another. An example of this is when two women were robbed at gunpoint in their home in Indiana. Those two women are now scarred for life and will never be able to forget this horrific event.Once again, lives are damaged dramatically by criminals looking for money. It's evident that the power of money often drives people to commit evil crimes. This power of money is demonstrated in â€Å"The Great Gatsby†. Gatsby draws alot of attention to himself because of his wealth. Alot of people look up to him, and want to have the amount of wealth he has. In order to get this money, Gatsby got involved with the mob and organized crime. So Gatsby risked his life by making criminal decisions so he can become wealthy.Money influenced Gatsby to make these decisions with his life, which clearly shows that money is truly the root to all evil. There are multiple cases when people with wealth tend to be more selfish and stuck up. Tom and Daisy in â€Å"The Great Gatsby† can be examples to this idea. Nick explains to us towards the end of the book that Tom and Dasiy are careless, and that they leave messes behind and count on others to fix it for them. If they didn't have the amount of money that they have, they wouldn't be able to do this. Tom and Daisy would appreciate things more, instead of being selfish.The money is obviously the cause to their attitude towards others. A real life example of this is when a wealthy individual has a hired maid to clean up after them. The maid's job is to clean up any mess that this person or their family makes. This type of case shows that wealthy people tend to be more lazy and have less responsibilities because they have other people to do it for them. Without all that money, they wouldn't be able to do that. They'd have to clean up and have the same amount of responsibilities as the average person.These examples from â€Å"The Great Gatsby† and real life definitely repres ent society in general, because crimes are committed everywhere all the time in search for money. According to statistics, 20 banks are robbed every day and 45 houses are broken into every hour in the United States. With the percent of poverty and unemployed people in need for money increasing, I don't see these rates dropping anytime soon. If anything it could get worse. Our society is simply doomed, we have no hope. On the other side of the story, the people with money spoil themselves by spending it the wrong ways.Alot of wealthy people choose to go to bars, stripclubs, and prostitution houses. It may be legal, but they're still unwise decisions. Also, the amount of drug abuse continues to increase. In fact, the rate of illegal drug use rose last year to the highest level in nearly a decade. How do people recieve these drugs? They pay for it with money. Without all that money, they wouldn't be able to afford those illegal drugs. It is clear that we can't really do anything to avo id these problems in our society.It'll continue to happen no matter what. Money is very powerful, it rules our world. It tends to control people and take over their minds. This shows in stats of crimes and what those people, lucky enough to have money, do with the money. Impatient people who aren't satisfied with the amount of money that they already have attempt to take the easy way out by robbing banks, houses, cars etc. The wealthy individuals make unwise decisions and become lazy because of the money. There's no doubt, money is the root to all evil.

Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (a)

For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Harvard Business School9-700-115 Rev. November 21, 2007 Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) In April, 1986, the upstart Irish airline Ryanair announced that it would soon commence service between Dublin and London. For nearly a year, the new airline had operated a 14-seat turboprop between Waterford, in the southeast of Ireland, and Gatwick Airport on the outskirts of London. The founders of Ryanair, brothers Cathal and Declan Ryan, felt that service on that first route had developed well. They knew, however, that the Dublin-London route would pose new challenges.For the first time, they would face Aer Lingus, British Airways, and other established competitors on a major route. European Aviation The environment in which the Ryan brothers launched their fledgling carrier had long been shaped by Europe’s national governments. 1Privately owned, commercial airlines sprang up in Europe following World War I. Soon, however, the governments of Brita in, France, Germany, and other countries began to amalgamate the first, small airlines into national â€Å"flag carriers. † Each of these airlines literally carried the flag of its nation on the tails of its aircraft.Figuratively also, each airline carried the flag, serving as an international emissary. Predecessors of British Airways, Air France, Lufthansa, and others gradually became owned by, and subsidized by, their national governments. The route structures of British, French, Dutch, and Belgian flag carriers developed to serve the colonial aims of their respective governments. For instance, the aircraft of British Airways’ predecessor, the aptly named Imperial Airways, were familiar sights in India, South Africa, Australia, and other British outposts by the 1930s. Service focused on international routes from each nation’s capital to colonies, other areas of national influence, and the capitals of other European countries. Intra-country service was sparse, largely connecting provincial cities to the capital. Fares on domestic routes were often kept high to subsidize international service. World War II brought advances in aviation that made air travel widely economical for the first time. The aftermath of the war also brought the threat of American dominance in air travel.Had free competition been permitted on international routes, the efficient, privately owned carriers of the United States would likely have won the lion’s share of the market. 3A set of multilateral and bilateral agreements averted this outcome. The International Air Traffic Association (IATA), essentially a government-endorsed cartel of the major airlines, emerged to set international fares. Governments negotiated bilateral agreements that regulated all aspects of air travel between pairs of countries. In Europe, â€Å"pooling arrangements† became common.Under pooling, the routes between, say, France and Italy would be given strictly to Air France and A litalia. The two flag carriers would Professor Jan W. Rivkin prepared this case as the basis for class discussion rather than to illustrate either effective or ineffective handling of an administrative situation. Copyright  © 2000, 2007 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College. To order copies or request permission to reproduce materials, call 1-800-545-7685, write Harvard Business School Publishing, Boston, MA 02163, or go to http://www. hbsp. harvard. edu.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, used in a spreadsheet, or transmitted in any form or by any means—electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise—without the permission of Harvard Business School. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 1 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) pool their capacity an d revenue, then divide the proceeds in an agreed-upon manner.Carriers were banned from flights that did not begin or terminate on their national soil; Air France, for instance, could not fly from Rome to Frankfurt or Milan. Intra-country service was also regulated strictly. To varying degrees, domestic fares were set by government authorities, and entry by new airlines was discouraged. The collapse of European empires and the advent of jets capable of crossing the Atlantic economically led virtually all European flag carriers to refocus their international efforts on routes across the North Atlantic in the late 1950s.Heavy and growing demand for transportation to and from North America made such routes highly profitable, at least initially. Europe’s system of regulation soon came under pressure. A late-1950s attempt to unify the flag carriers of France, West Germany, Belgium, and Italy collapsed under the weight of disparate national interests. By 1960, the Economist magazine bemoaned the state of the heavily regulated, fragmented airline industry. â€Å"The basic trouble,† it concluded, â€Å"remains that the world has too many airlines, most of them inefficient, undercapitalised and unprofitable. 4Though the IATA introduced some forms of restricted, discount fares in the 1950s, consumers grew dissatisfied with high prices. European regulations applied largely to regularly scheduled service between destinations. To bypass these regulations and to tap pent-up demand for leisure travel, charter airlines appeared and grew rapidly during the 1960s. These start-ups, funded in part by shipping companies, offered holiday makers cheap fares on non-scheduled flights and â€Å"inclusive tours† that bundled flights with lodging.Charter holidays proved especially popular among British and Irish vacationers, who used them to escape the North Sea for sunnier climes. By the mid-1980s, charter flights would transport 60% of all European passengers. 5Fla g carriers responded to the independent charter airlines both by establishing new discounts within the IATA structure and by starting charter subsidiaries themselves. The 1970s took airlines around the world into financial straits (Exhibit 1). The introduction of wide-bodied aircraft such as the Boeing 747 increased capacity on the North Atlantic route dramatically.The OPEC oil embargo raised the price of jet fuel, and the ensuing recession cut demand for air travel. These events hit Europe’s flag carriers, with their heavily unionized staffs and high fixed costs, especially hard. Exhibit 2 compares the staff productivity of European and U. S. airlines in 1978. In 1978, the U. S. Congress approved the thorough deregulation of the domestic U. S. airline industry. Pricing, route scheduling, entry, and exit were freed up dramatically. Prices plunged rapidly as airlines competed vigorously for marginal customers.Twenty-two new, low-cost carriers entered the market between 1978 an d 1980. 6Most of the new airlines soon failed, however. Established players such as American, United, and Delta used hub-and-spoke route structures and computerized reservation systems to spur a new wave of consolidation. Following consolidation, prices and profitability remained low and unstable. Strong U. S. airlines reached out for new routes into Europe. The U. S. experience brought calls for European deregulation from consumer advocates and supporters of competition.A 1984 memorandum from the European Commission proposed the abolition of pooling arrangements, price fixing, and government subsidies. Trade unions and flag carriers allied to defeat the proposal. In 1986, the Single European Act called for the creation of a unified European market by the end of 1992. The market was intended to â€Å"comprise an area without internal frontiers in which the free movement of goods, persons, services and capital is ensured†¦. †7 Industry observers expected new proposals for the liberalization of the European airline industry to follow.This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 2 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A)700-115 British Aviation and British Airways While Europe as a whole remained dominated by state-owned carriers with government- mandated monopolies or near-monopolies, individual countries moved to liberalize their domestic airline industries and to push for international deregulation on a bilateral basis with individual countries. The United Kingdom was among the most aggressive in doing so. As early as 1971, Britain’s airline regulator, the Civil Aviation Authority, encouraged the establishment of British Caledonian Airways (BCal) as a â€Å"second force† to compete with the dominant, state-owned British Airways (BA). Labor Party governments, however, subsequently protected BA from BCal’s incursions. Though independent airlines such as BCal and British Midland operated in the U. K. during this period, momentum for airline deregulation picked up only after the election of the Conservative, market-minded Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher in 1979.An early Thatcher bill required, for the first time, that regulators give the interests of consumers equal weight to the interests of operators when allocating licenses for new routes. A hallmark of Thatcher’s government was the privatization of state-owned enterprises, and a centerpiece of her privatization programme was a proposed flotation of BA on the stock market. The state of BA in 1979, however, precluded a rapid privatization. The cost structure of BA and its predecessors had been high at least since the end ofWorld War II, when the flag carrier was expected to â€Å"find a job for every demobilized member of the [Royal Air Force]. †9In 1977, the U. S. carrier Delta transported 30. 7 million p assengers with 31,000 employees while BA’s staff of 54,300 moved 14. 5 million passengers. 10After thin profits in the late 1970s, BA suffered a loss of UK? 102 million on revenue of UK? 1,760 million in 1981. A new chairman, John King—a self-made millionaire with experience in the ball-bearing industry—was brought in to revive BA and prepare it for privatization.With generous severance packages, King reduced BA’s staff to 38,000 by 1985. Loss-making routes were surrendered to competitors, and maintenance stations and training colleges were shuttered. King soon yielded the reins to Colin Marshall, a former executive of car rental agency Avis, who began to improve customer service. Marshall paid particular attention to satisfying full-fare business customers. By 1984, BA was earning record profits (Exhibit 3), and its privatization was being planned for 1987. Deregulation slowed during the period of BA’s turnaround.A Civil Aviation Authority proposa l to shift some of BA’s routes to BCal, for instance, was defeated in 1984, largely because the Treasury Ministry opposed the plan. In 1986, BA operated one of the world’s most extensive airline route networks, serving 145 destinations in 68 countries. 11No airline carried more international passengers. International journeys accounted for roughly two-thirds of the seats that BA sold and nine-tenths of its revenue. Nearly 80% of passengers passed through London’s main airport at Heathrow, one of the world’s busiest transportation hubs.Plying the network was a fleet of 163 aircraft, ranging from 44-seat turboprops to Boeing 747s with room for nearly 400. Since 1980, BA had invested roughly UK? 700 million to purchase 55 new aircraft, mostly for service within Europe. The company was beginning to upgrade its intercontinental fleet. In the United Kingdom and New York, BA provided its own passenger and ground services (e. g. , for passenger check-in, baggage handling, and aircraft cleaning). Elsewhere, it hired contractors to perform such services.BA catered its own flights from Heathrow, but contracted out all other catering. The company performed most of its own maintenance from a base at Heathrow and had engineering capabilities at three-quarters of the airports it served. BA sold tickets over the telephone and in 171 retail shops worldwide, where agents also sold package vacations. In addition, 49,000 independent travel agents had the ability to book tickets on BA via computerized reservation systems, including BA’s own system. Such agents accounted for 83% of the company’s scheduled passenger revenue.BA pitched its services to a wide range of This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 3 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) business and leisure travelers. Accordingly, i t offered a spectrum of ticket prices with varying restrictions and the full range of classes of service—from first class to economy. Especially among business travelers, BA was known for its improving in-flight amenities. Exhibit 4 shows BA’s revenue and operating cost per scheduled passenger.The 6. 9% operating margin shown there reflects BA’s entire route network. In Europe alone, the carrier earned a 4. 4% margin. Irish Aviation and Aer Lingus As a country with a small population, limited land mass (roughly 250 kilometers across and 400 long), and no colonial possessions, Ireland did not lend itself naturally to commercial aviation. 12 Yet in 1936, a mere 15 years after Ireland’s initial political separation from Britain and 13 years before full independence, government and private interests in Ireland came together to form Aer Lingus, a flag carrier for the emerging state.Government support proved crucial in the airline’s early days. Annual lo sses in the 1930s and 1940s commonly ran between 20% and 100% of revenue. Not until the early 1950s did the airline earn a profit in consecutive years, and then only for a short period. Early on, passenger traffic focused on routes between Ireland and Britain, where a large population of Irish emigrants resided. To develop these routes, the Irish and British governments struck an unusual arrangement in 1946. Through BA’s predecessors, the British government took a 40% stake in Aer Lingus, leaving 60% in the hands of Ireland.Aer Lingus was granted monopoly rights to routes over the Irish Sea. BA’s predecessors gained the valuable right to land at Shannon Airport on Ireland’s west coast, refuel, and continue on across the Atlantic. (Aircraft ranges at the time required such a refueling stop. ) In exchange, Aer Lingus was allowed to land in Manchester, take on passengers, and continue to continental Europe. Such â€Å"onward rights† were rare in Europe and m arked the beginning of relatively liberal bilateral agreements between Britain and Ireland.The British partnership continued for a decade until Aer Lingus’ desire to develop its own trans-Atlantic routes, to reach the large ethnic Irish populations in New York and Boston, created a rift. Amicably, the British government reduced and eventually relinquished its stake in Aer Lingus. The predecessors of BA and independent carriers such as British Midland began to fly routes between Britain and Ireland. Problems on the North Atlantic corridor in the 1970s hit Aer Lingus especially hard. Compared to other carriers on the route, Aer Lingus drew its passengers especially heavily from the ranks of tourists.Tourist passengers actively sought promotional fares, created erratic peaks of seasonal demand, and largely stayed at home during the recession of the mid-1970s. The Irish government insisted that Aer Lingus continue to fly the North Atlantic corridor despite losses on the route. 13 Aer Lingus first published its objectives in 1971 and had, by 1986, reviewed and ratified the statement a number of times. The statement called on Aer Lingus to provide an air transport service that was â€Å"safe, efficient, reliable, and profitable. The airline touted the many benefits it brought to the Irish community: national development, promotion of tourism, employment, a contribution to the balance of payments, and educational, social, and cultural services. 14 Losses in the 1970s prompted Aer Lingus to seek new sources of revenue and profit. â€Å"We perceived that an airline with a limited home market, limited financial resources and a cyclical product would have to diversify,† reflected one of Aer Lingus’ chief executives. 15Aer Lingus began to offer maintenance service and engineer training to other airlines.Successful introduction of its computer reservation system led Aer Lingus to offer computer consulting and data processing services. The company also entered the hotel business in London, Paris, and New England. By 1986, This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 4 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A)700-115 so-called ancillary businesses include hospital management in Baghdad and an investment in robotics. In 1984-85, air transportation, irline-related services such as maintenance, and non-airline businesses provided Aer Lingus operating profits of 0. 5 million Irish pounds (I? ), I? 12. 7 million, and I? 17. 1 million, respectively. 16Within air transportation, Aer Lingus’ domestic and European routes earned a modest operating profit while its trans-Atlantic flights sustained operating losses for the sixth time in seven years. 17During the coming decade, Aer Lingus faced tens of millions of pounds of investment to replace aging jets in its fleet. Government officials were conte mplating the sale of part of the company to finance the capital expenditures.Ryanair Cathal and Declan Ryan had essentially grown up in the airline industry. 18Their father, Tony Ryan, had long worked for Aer Lingus. As the flag carrier’s aircraft leasing manager, the elder Ryan struck innovative deals to lease excess capacity to other airlines. From 1973 to 1975, for instance, he arranged for an Aer Lingus 747 and its Irish crew to ply Air Siam’s route between Bangkok and Los Angeles. 19In 1975, Tony Ryan co-founded Guinness Peat Aviation, which quickly became the largest aircraft leasing company in the world.Tony Ryan’s 10% stake in Guinness Peat Aviation gave him sufficient wealth to invest a million Irish pounds in his sons’ efforts to launch an airline. Both sons were in their 20s when Ryanair initiated service in 1985. At first, Ryanair used a 14-seat turboprop aircraft to run a scheduled service between Waterford in the southeast of Ireland and Gat wick Airport, one of London’s secondary airports. This initial service was intended to prove the company’s ability to operate a scheduled airline successfully. In 1986, Ryanair gained a license to operate between Dublin and Luton, another of London’s secondary airports.Aer Lingus and BA already operated on the Dublin-London route, which was reputed to be quite lucrative for both carriers. Indeed, Aer Lingus’ Chairman noted that â€Å"Dublin-London is the only route on the Aer Lingus network that has the volume of business to allow of itself a reasonable return on capital. †20Aer Lingus’ and BA’s least expensive, unrestricted round-trip fares on the route were priced at I? 208 (equivalent to UK? 189 at the time). Discount fares as low as I? 99 were available, though they had to be booked one month in advance.Observers felt that the figures shown in Exhibit 4 were typical of Aer Lingus’ and BA’s average revenues and costs for a Dublin-London round trip. Ryanair managers believed that the flights of Aer Lingus and BA were typically 60-70% full. According to airport authorities, half a million round-trip passengers flew the route each year. The total number of air passengers on the route had been stagnant for ten years. Roughly three-quarters of a million round-trip travelers opted to use rail and sea ferries rather than aircraft. The journey took nine hours by rail and ferry and one hour by air.Prices of round-trip rail-and-ferry tickets fell as low as I? 55. 21 On their new Dublin-London service, the Ryan brothers intended to run four round trips per day with a 44-seat turboprop. They did not have permission to fly larger jet aircraft on the route, but hoped to get permission soon. Ryanair would offer meals and amenities comparable to what Aer Lingus and British Airways provided. The company would distinguish itself from the flag carriers in two ways. First, its employees would focus intently on deli vering first-rate customer service.Second, the company would charge a simple, single fare for a ticket with no restrictions. In announcing its Dublin-London service, Ryanair publicized a fare of I? 98. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 5 700-115 Exhibit 1 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) Composite Profitability of All Major, Scheduled European Airlines 10 5 0 -5 Introduction of wide-body jets First oil crisis Second oil crisis -10 Introduction of jetsSource: Association of European Airlines, 1994 Yearbook, p. 19. Exhibit 2Staff Productivity of U. S. and European Airlines, 1978 Airline U. S. carriers: American Eastern Pan American TWA United European carriers: Air France Alitalia British Airways KLM Lufthansa Staff 40,134 35,899 26,964 36,549 52,065 32,173 17,040 54,645 17,812 29,400 Passengers per staff memberStaff per aircraft 762158 1,099156 358355 665156 657156 333314 374279 308264 231326 460320 Source: House of Lords Select Committee on European Air Fares, 1981, 185-7, European Air Fares, Air Transport Users Committee, Civil Aviation Authority, 1978.Cited in P. Lyth and H. Dienel, â€Å"Introduction† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 8. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 6 Profit after interest as a percentage of total costs 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) Exhibit 3British Airways Performance, 1977-85 For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115 Revenue (mm UK? ) Operating profit before taxes and interest (mm UK? )Passengers (mm) Staff (thousands) Available ton-kilometers (mm) T on-kilometersused(mm) Load* (%) 197719791981 1,073. 91,403. 31,760 95. 876 . 0(102) 14. 515. 817. 0 54. 355. 953. 6 6,2337,1647,930 3,6074,4164,812 586261 19831985 2,0512,905 169292 16. 318. 4 45. 938. 1 7,2087,837 4,4615,267 6267 * Load = portion of available ton-kilometers used, a measure of capacity utilization. Source: British Airways Annual Reports. Cited in P. Lyth, â€Å"Chosen Instruments: The Evolution of British Airways† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 2, 74. Exhibit 4British Airways Average Revenue and Cost per Passenger, 1986 UK? Revenue 151. 3 Operating expenses Staff32. 4 Depreciation & amortization7. 8 Fuel & oil28. 9 Engineering and other aircraft costs8. 9 Selling16. 4 Aircraft operating leases3. 1 Landing fees and en route charges10. 6 Handling charges, catering, & other15. 1 Accommodation, ground equipment & other17. 7 Percent of I? Revenue 166. 5100. 0% 35. 721. 4% 8. 65. 1% 31. 819. 1% 9. 85. 9% 18. 010. 8% 3. 42. 0% 11. 77. 0% 16. 610. 0% 19. 511. 7% Subtotal 140. 9 Operating profit10. 411. 4Source: Case writer calculations, based on British Airways Prospectus, February 11, 1987. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 7 155. 193. 1% 6. 9% For the exclusive use of J. SICINSKI 700-115Dogfight over Europe: Ryanair (A) Notes 1 This section draws especially on P. Lyth and H. Dienel, â€Å"Introduction,† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 1-17. 2 P. Lyth, â€Å"Chosen Instruments: The Evolution of British Airways,† in H.Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 50. 3 P. Lyth and H. Dienel, â€Å"Introduction,† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmilla n, 1998), p. 3. 4 â€Å"Unfree as the Air,† The Economist, May 28, 1960. 5 P. Lyth and H. Dienel, â€Å"Introduction,† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 7. 6 N. Donohue and P. Ghemawat, â€Å"The U. S. Airline Industry, 1978-1988 (A), HBS Case 390-025. A. P. Dobson, Flying in the Face of Competition (Hants: Avebury Aviation, 1995), p. 192. 8 This section draws especially on P. Lyth, â€Å"Chosen Instruments: The Evolution of British Airways† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 50- 86. 9 P. Lyth, â€Å"Chosen Instruments: The Evolution of British Airways† in H. Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), p. 65. 10 P. Lyth, â€Å"Chosen Instruments: The Evolution of British Airways† in H.Dienel and P. Lyth, eds. , Flying the Flag: European Commercial Air Transport Since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), pp. 72-73. 11 The following description of British Airways in 1986 draws on the company’s February 11, 1987, prospectus. 12 This section draws especially on M. O’Riain, Aer Lingus, 1936-1986: A Business Monograph, 1987 and B. Share, The Flight of the Iolar: The Aer Lingus Experience, 1936-1986 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986). 13 H. Carnegy, â€Å"Turbulent Times for Aer Lingus,† Financial Times, June 3, 1986. 14 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 15 Extract from M. J.Dargan’s address to the 50th Anniversary Banquet of Aer Lingus in the Royal Hospital, Kilmainham, 27 May 1986. Quoted in M. O’Riain, Aer Lingus, 1936-1986: A Business Monograph, 1987. 16 H. Carnegy, â€Å"Turbulent Times for Aer Lingus,† Financial Times, June 3, 1986. 17 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 18 This section draws especially on interviews conducted with Ryanair personnel between February 10 and February 17, 2000, including Michael O’Leary, CEO; Declan Ryan, founder; Charlie Clifton, Director of Ground Operations and Inflight; and Kevin Osborne, Director of Purchasing and Administration. 9 B. Share, The Flight of the Iolar: The Aer Lingus Experience, 1936-1986 (Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1986), pp. 203- 206. 20 Aer Lingus Annual Report, March 31, 1986. 21 J. Fagan, â€Å"Air Price War Hits Sea Route Traffic,† Financial Times, September 24, 1987. H. Carnegy, â€Å"UK-Irish Air Route Challenge,† Financial Times, April 24, 1986. This document is authorized for use only by Jan Sicinski in Strategic Management IBP 10-11 taught by Dr. TOMASZ LUDWICKI from October 2010 to April 2011. 8

Chiles Market Reforms essays

Chile's Market Reforms essays Without doubt, the reform to the market of capitals of Chile, has given a new impulse him to our economy. 15 are the measures, that they intend to give greater transparency, tributary flexibility, dynamism and incentives him to our market that as much needed it. They are: 1, Effects of Commerce Permite to emit on credit smaller bonds to companies than by size do not have access to emit bonds of long term, paying only by once the tax of timbres and stamps, which simplifies to the inscription and acquisition of titles by the AFP'S. 2. Reduction of the tax on the interests for foreign investors Iguala the tax treatment of the interests gained in instruments of debt bought by foreigners independently of if the debt is emitted outside or within the country, allowing to companies that not described by size and that participate outside accede to new source of financing. 3, Short sale of Actions and Bonds Exime of the tax of gains of capital to this type of operations (renting of actions with high presence and bonds compromised in stock market until by the term of a year and allows a greater liquidity in the market, being a key ingredient for the sprouting of the derived financial product market. 4. Taxes of capital gains Elimina the tax the gains of capital for the actions of high stock-exchange presence, acquired after the 7 of November, which increases the liquidity and depth of the market. 5, Emergent stock market and Exemption of the tax to the capital gains Crea a new segment of stock market for emergent companies, companies with a high potential of growth, different requirements of information and exempts of the tax to the gains of capital by purchase of actions in this stock market by of 3 years, allowing an alternative form of financing. 6, Market of private positionings and figure of the investor described Crea market as deprived positionings, for described investors, allowing an ...

Turning Spanish Adjectives Into Nouns

Turning Spanish Adjectives Into Nouns In Spanish, almost any descriptive adjective (and a few others) can be used to function as a noun by preceding it with a definite article such as el or las. Typically, adjectives made into nouns are the equivalent of the English ____ one or ____ person as in the following examples: azul (blue), el azul, la azul (the blue one)pobre (poor), los pobres (the poor people)nuevo (new), el nuevo, la nueva (the new one)mexicano (Mexican), el mexicano, la mexicana (the Mexican) The gender and number will depend on whats being referred to:  ¿Quà © casa prefieres? - La blanca. (Which house do you prefer? The white one.)Habà ­a muchas fresas. Comprà © las ms frescas. (There were many strawberries. I bought the freshest ones.)Habà ­a muchos pltanos. Comprà © los ms frescos. (There were many bananas. I bought the freshest ones.) Sometimes, nouns made from adjectives take on meanings of their own, at least in certain contexts. The definitions below arent the only ones possible: roto (torn), el roto (the tear)mal (bad), el mal (evil, wrongful act, sickness)perdido (lost), el perdido, la perdida (the reprobate, the lost soul)decolorante (causing something to lose its color), el decolorante (bleach)semejante (similar), los semejantes (fellow human beings) The adjective-turned-noun is in the neuter gender when the adjective is turned into an abstract noun or when the adjective-turned-noun is not referring to a specific person or thing. The singular neuter definite article is lo; in plural, the neuter is the same form as the masculine, with a definite article of los. Such neuter nouns are translated in a variety of ways, depending on the context: Fuera lo viejo, venga lo nuevo. (Out with the old, in with the new.)Lo importante es que tenemos la oportunidad. (The important thing is that we have the opportunity.)Los interesantes son los intangibles. (What are interesting are the intangibles. Here, the English seemed less awkward when the first phrase was translated as an adjective.)Te regalo lo tuyo. (I am giving you whats yours.) Sample Sentences Los ricos no piden permiso. (The rich dont ask for permission. The sentence is the name of a former Argentine television show.) Uno de los cnceres ms comunes en los hombres es el cncer de prà ³stata. Los agresivos pueden requerir cirugà ­as. (One of the most common cancers in men is prostate cancer. The aggressive ones can require surgery.) Dos tercios de los analfabetos del mundo son mujeres. (Two-thirds of the worlds illiterate are women.) Los baratos cuestan 6 euros. (The cheap ones cost 6 euros.) No todas las bellas pueden ser modelos. (Not all beautiful women can be models. Depending on the context, this also could refer to girls. If bellos had been used, it could have referred to men only or to both men and women.) Los sacerdotes catà ³licos romanos no son los à ºnicos que pueden hacer exorcismos. (Roman Catholic priests arent the only ones who can do exorcisms.) Los fritos fueron el artà ­culo comprado con mayor frecuencia. (The fried ones were the article most often purchased.) Los enfermos andaban por las calles. (The sick people walked through the streets.)

Conflict Identification and Resolution Research Paper

Conflict Identification and Resolution - Research Paper Example Conflict refers to a situation where two or more parties are in serious discrepancies. Failure to resolve existing discrepancies is an effect on the morale of employees as well as their performance. Neglecting individuals’ duties due to disagreements negatively affects the overall performance of the organization in that it makes employees fail to meet organizational targets. Hence, unmet targets decrease organizational finances, a factor that makes organizations to collapse. It is of importance to outline ways of dealing with conflicts within the organization to help improve relations of both employees and organizational heads. Individuals should aim at improving the economic conditions of the organizations. Conflict identification Identification of conflicts is a vital aspect for managers aspiring to enhance the workforce in the organization. Those are several ways denoting that there are conflicts in organizations. These ways are a reduction in employee performance in relati on to the level of output. There is the need to ensure an improvement in organizational performances by dealing with the desires of the employees. It is also good to address motivational rewards to establish to various employees in accordance with their performance. According to Ohlendorf,  it is managers’ mandate to lay down better ways of improving employee point of view in relation to how they (workers) perceive their managers. Disagreements in the organization are common and occur due to dissatisfaction in places of work.

History of Occupational and Health Safety Essay - 1

History of Occupational and Health Safety - Essay Example Steel industry workers demand for more comprehensive occupational health and safety laws. Accordingly, industries start introducing protective clothing, meals, rest breaks, improved conditions in mines and protection against asbestos Committee inquires on the impact of technological change in Australia such as screen-based equipments like computers, and associated hazards like repetitive movement injuries, fatigue and impact on eyesight (Johnstone & Tooma, 2012). Occupational health and safety (Commonwealth employees) Act 1991 is enacted in order to protect the employees of the commonwealth authority from risks arising from employment. The employer must identify risks, control the risks or reduce the potential risks. Industry Commission issues the Work health and Safety proposals that offers greater incentives for employers to introduce better safer work environments and allow for flexibility through use of few legislations The commonwealth, Sate and territory governments and Australian Council of Trade Unions abide to commit to the 2002-2012 National OHS strategy that aims at attaining an harmonised regulatory framework (Johnstone & Tooma, 2012). Amendments of the Occupational health and safety Act 1991 is amended by the Occupational Health and Safety (Commonwealth Employment) Amendment Act 2004 to alter the procedure of workplace investigations and improvement notices (Johnstone & Tooma, 2012). Federal workplace minister canvasses the possibility of harmonised national systems of employee compensation. Employee groups also make submissions on concerns and support for the possible harmonisation of OHS. The Work, health and safety Act 2011 covers incident identification, WHS consultations, workplace entry provisions, regulations and legal proceedings (Johnstone & Tooma,

Choju Giga Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Choju Giga - Essay Example Anthropomorphism: this is the attribution of human behavior or manner to that of an animal. Various cultures have a long-standing anthropomorphized tradition characteristic that represent behaviors of human in both art and storytelling traditions. This paper will illustrate the influence of animal representations in â€Å"Choju Giga† artwork. Satire: This form of art and literature brings about vices and conventions fun among individuals and groups with a significance of ridiculing them. This paper will apply â€Å"Choju Giga† as context to demonstrate the use of animal characteristic in order to make connections between visual and literary satire. Parody: this an artistic and literary work that imitates the style of characters of the author or work for effects of comic or ridicule. This paper will use the satirical emaki examination as a context to illustrate the use of images of animal in animation. â€Å"Choju Giga† is regarded as unusual from other build hand scrolls the difference being that, it is limited to an accompanying text, and for its humorous matter of subject. The scrolls are acknowledged as a satirical observation on monastic life and moral decrease in Japan’s 12th century (Baker 88). In difference to West, where animation has performed a significant cultural role in the Japan’s 20th century, the country has a long pictorial tradition. Various scholars comment that these scrolls are important for their history as some the earliest Japanese manga forms (Napier 73). In this scrolls segment, there is a marked absence of intense colors, with rather an emphasis on ink and strokes of the brush. The scroll is meant to be viewed from the right side to the left side. On the left side end, there is a frog image next to the monkey. The frog is observed to be holding a leaf umbrella and the monkey clothing what emerges to be branches. The umbrella hold

Magazine Advertisement That Portrays Explicit Womens Imagery Media Essay

Magazine Advertisement That Portrays Explicit Womens Imagery Media Essay Advertisement had been regarded as one of the most effective communication tools in persuading the audience to buy or to raise awareness on product, issues or services. Advertisement is effective because advertisement gives the audiences a basic knowledge of the product in just one picture. It attracts the audiences better because of the way a message was presented. In this capitalism world, companies, big or small compete against each other to market their product. The popularity of their brand is the measurement of their successfulness in doing business. That is the reason most companies spends a large amount of money in advertising. In Malaysia, a total of RM 130881 mil was spent on advertisement according to the statistic data from Nielsen Malaysia Advertising Expenditure Report (November 2010). In print media, especially in magazines, advertisement compliments the magazines. It completes the stories in the magazines and it gives the audience a subtle hint of what the magazine of fers to the audiences. However, in most advertisement, media stereotypes happen in most advertisement. Advertisement develops a unique universe that might contain different messages about gender than the articles and photo spreads that accompany them. (Carter, 2004) It shows that advertisement have greater influences towards the audience than the article. Most advertisement nowadays portrays a wide variety of media stereotypes against women. Women are frequently portrayed in their traditional work such as a happy and diligent domestic worker, a loyal wife who waits at home for her husband arrival from work and a nurturing mother. The only job that seems to be associated with women in advertisement is secretary, air stewardess and nurse. It is unusual for advertisement to picture women in jobs such as pilot, police or truck drivers. Stereotyping women children reflects a view of them as less mature, more emotional, and less competent that their male worker. (Krolà ¸kke, 2006, p.81) Apart from being portrayed in their traditional ways, women nowadays are portrayed as sex objects. Almost all of the advertisement uses women to sell their merchandise in sexual ways regardless of types of magazines. Most magazines portrays woman in minimal clothing or semi nude. Such portrayal degrades womans dignity and can install a wrong perception into the audiences mind. It will also strengthen the popular believe that women are subordinate to men and women are meant for serving men. In advertising, women and men act in stereotypical ways, portraying ideal female and male behavior. As such, they not only conceal how conceal how women and men really act but also function prescriptively to show how they should act. (Ibid,p.78) In this research, an analysis on portrayal of women in advertisement (magazines) will be done. The issue that will be highlighted is the frequency of women being portrayed in their traditional ways and in sexual ways. The other issue that will be highlighted is the reason such portrayal is being produce. STATEMENT OF PROBLEM Magazine is one of the media that we frequently use. Popular magazines can have millions of viewers and this means that magazine influence a lot of people based on what they write and portray in the magazine. Advertisement is one of the major compartments in a magazine and a magazine could not function without it. Portrayal of women is common in an advertisement. Be it as a social awareness advertisement or a car advertisement. The question now is how much advertisement in the magazines that portray women in their traditional roles and in sexual ways? Another question that arises is what kind of advertisement that uses women in their traditional ways and/or in sexual ways to promote their services or merchandise more? The visualization of advertisement changes according to the time and technology. But some advertisement even with these changes, stick to the original ways of advertising their services and products. As it was stated before, advertisement is one of the most powerful ways of persuading others. A lot of factors influences the way an advertisement is visualize. The portrayal of women images must have been caused by several of the factors. The question is why do advertisement uses such image? RESEARCH OBJECTIVE To determine the magazine that publishes advertisement that portrays explicit womens imagery. To analyze the types of advertisement that prone to using women in a traditional and/or explicit imagery in their advertisement. To identify the causes of such portrayal. SIGNIFICANCE OF STUDY The study is important mainly to the public to create awareness. Advertisement is very influential and can affect the way we perceive things. Therefore, with this study, the public will have a better understanding of ways to evaluate women with a better value than sex .Besides that, this study is also important to women rights association to recognize types of advertisement that degrades womens dignity. This then would help them in urging the government to take action on the ever increasing advertisements that devalue women. It is also important to the advertiser themselves so that they are cautious with their ways of advertising. This study is also important to the government so they can create and enforce law to protect womens right. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1. Introduction A lot of studies had been done on advertisement and women. Mee- Eun Kang (1997) observed that most advertisement portrays women in a traditional way in print media. According to Eun-Kangs findings, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦images of women in 1991 advertisement did not significantly change from the images found in 1979 advertisement. Her findings indicated that advertisement in magazines did not change drastically. Women were still portrays as housekeepers and a mother to a child. This however is relevant to that year because the second wave of feminism had just launched. The second wave of feminism started at the late 1960s and early 1970s. Feminist were protesting against the beauty pageants. They were opposing with an assumption that the winner won because of how she look and not what she do and what they think about. There are three waves of feminism, the first wave emphasis in womens right in voting, the second wave is protesting on how the public view women generally and how the media portrayed inequality in portraying gender and the celebration of woman diversity and the introduction to the cyber girl is the third wave. Even though feminist had launch a radical attack on the degrading ways of evaluating women, the changes are slow to take place as media especially advertisement continue picturing women in a household. Her findings were strengthen by Atoff Nassif and Barrie Gunter (2008) whose findings shows that women were strongly associated with household products. Products such as dishwasher liquid, clothes detergent and kitchen appliances product were strongly linked to women based on their study. Besides that, body products such as soap, shampoo and lotion are also associated with women. It is uncommon even until today, men advertising body products unless the product is specifically for men. Ferguson, Kreshel and Tinkham (1990) justify the advertiser tactics with a statement that such portrayal is important to bring the advertiser and audiences together. What the advertiser had done was only taking what was socially known and accepted to the public. The real jobs of women according to social institution are to take care of their husband and children and keeping the house warm, nice and cozy. Mallika Das(2000) and Katharina Lindner (2004) found out that as time goes by, the portrayal of women in their traditional roles has decreased but the images of women in sexual ways increased. Their findings were strengthen by Julie M. Stankiewicz and Francine Rosselli (2007) study that shows 75.98% of women that appear in mens magazine, be it in articles, pictures and advertisement appear as sex objects. 2.2 Media stereotypes against women Media stereotypes are a common representative of a person or a group of person. It generally put an understanding in everyone that certain people behave certain way traditionally. Media stereotypes can be problematic if they represent certain group of people women, for example in a negative way or confined them to certain behavior or jobs. It is unwise to have an understanding of certain people from the media as the media can be deceiving. As time goes by some of the stereotypical ways of seeing people are not applicable in the modern days. Knowledge and technology are always developing and by the increased of knowledge in hand, people will surely change along with time. Erving Goffman (1979) asserts that, If anything,advertisers conventionalize our conventions, stylize what is already a stylization, make frivolous use of what is already something considerably cut off from contextual controls. Their hype is hyper-ritualisation. According to him, the gender representation that we see is meaningful to us because they are ideal gender representations. It is what the society has taught us. Wonder Woman, Cat Woman, Storm, Rogue and Alice Cullen are the tough women in the media industries. They are strong but they still maintain perfect skin, are thin and wore fashionable clothes. On the other hand, Cinderella, Snow White and Sleeping Beauty are women who are very hardworking, hate messy stuff, cooks and cleans for the family, friendly to everyone including animals, fair, beautiful and awaits for their prince charming to come and swept their feet away. These two examples are the portrayal of women today and women in the past. Women today are portrayed as strong and independent while women in the past are portrayed as dependent to the people (or animals) around them. But despite their differences, they were portrayed in a common way. Both women today and women in the past were portrayed as having a perfect skin, f air, beautiful and are using fashionable clothes. These women images that the narrator give is called the male gaze. According to Laura Mulvey (1975), In their traditional exhibitionist role women are simultaneously looked at and displayed, with their appearance coded for strong visual and erotic impact so that they can be said to connote to -be-looked-at-ness. She asserts that because the camera is dominated by male, the audiences view women in a patriarchal way. Women are being put on a pedestal because of this portrayal. Women across the country have the mentality that being thin is healthy and beautiful. Other researchers, Tom Reichert (2009) agrees with the statement by saying that both men and women are exposed to the decorative images that they value womens attractiveness more and devalue their intellect, skills and competencies. 2.3 Women as sex objects. Today, we are bombarded with thousands and thousands of advertisement that shows women in provoking ways. According to Kilbourne (1999), sexual imagery nowadays is not only confined in pornography media, but also in advertisement. Advertisement now adopts some of the action from violent pornography. This then confirms other types of stereotypical views on women that are women are subordinated to men. She found that womans legs, breasts or thighs have always become the part to grab the viewers attention, making women are seen as objects rather than a human being. Their bodies and their sexuality become a sex object when they are connected to the product or services that the advertisement represents. Advertisements such as Lux, Rejoice, Dove and Enchanter have that effect. They will picture a woman using their product and in the advertisement, they reveal some skin. Parts such as shoulder and legs are always shown to the audiences. Almost all products that show women in revealing produ cts suggest that the audiences can have sex-related benefit. For example, the Axe body sprays. In its recent advertisement in the television, it shows that user grabs womans attention and the woman will automatically give the user her phone number. This advertisement suggests to us that, if you use this body spray, you too will get phone numbers from random woman that pass you by. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY Introduction This study is done by using content analysis method as suggested by Barelson (1971) to analyze the portrayal of women in a general interest magazine. Content analysis enables us to elaborate communication theories and to test the hypothesis of the study. It also can be used to compare the content of the media with the real situation. Barelson (1971) defined content analysis as a research technique with the purpose to give a systematic, objective and quantitative view on the communication content. From the definition, there are four important concepts that should be look upon which are; Objective- achieved when we have a content analysis that were defined precisely. This means that the research depends on the rules and not the analyzer. Systematic-(1) A set of rules used in the same way for all analyze content. (2) Category is formed so that all related content were analyze. (3) Design analyze to save related data with the question or hypothesis. 3. Quantitative- The sum of the frequency of the related advertisement being published. 4. Content- Refers to whatever that is written and published in the media. 3.2. Population and sampling The population of this study is 72 magazines in Malaysia. Magazines include mens, womens, medical, sports, news and business. The magazine advertisement was the unit of analysis for this study. The method used to select a sample size is the non-probability sampling. Non-probability sampling is used because statistical procedure is not needed when selecting cases from given population. The type of non-probability sampling used is purposive sampling. In purposive sampling, the respondent are chosen based on the researchers own expertise and judgments that the particular sample fit into the characteristics of the populations. The first step in obtaining the sample is to browse through the book store for magazines. Then, dependent to the researchers judgment, he or she would choose any magazines that he or she thinks are relevant for the studies. In this research, advertisement that featured human subjects were collected from December 2010 to February 2011 popular magazines. Conceptualization of Variables (concepts) The type of variable used in this research is independent variable. Independent variable is variable that is controlled and manipulated by the researcher. Types of magazines and advertisement are the main variables. Types of magazines are the various kind of magazine available for viewing pleasure. Types of advertisements are the various kind of advertisement used to promote product and services. The measurement for this variable is nominal measures. Nominal measures are variables whose attributes have only the characteristics of exhaustiveness and mutually exclusiveness. 3.5. Data Analysis This study uses descriptive analysis for the data analysis based on descriptive statistics collected from the selected advertisement. The descriptive statistics that will be use is multivariate statistics. Multivariate statistics is statistics that shows relationship between three or more variables. Researchers can determine if the bivariate relationship is true or not by putting a variable as a control variable. The variables that can be use for this study are types of magazine and the frequency stereotypes happen in advertisement. Elaboration on the relationship and effects each variable has with the help of example will be used to support findings in the research. Mean percentage will be used to calculate the relationship. Besides that ANOVA will be used to measure the independent variables. The independent variables are types of magazines, types of advertisement and causes of imagery. 3.6. Methodological Issues The issues arise when doing this research is the financial constraint. Researcher has to buy all the magazines related to the subject. There are a lot of magazines and the prices differ according to the material used to make the magazine and the thickness of the book. With limited budget, the researcher will not be able to buy all of the magazines. Time constraint is also one of the issue arise when doing this assignment. Magazines are only published once or twice a month and with the deadline coming nearer, researcher cant afford any delay in doing his/her research. Other than that, researcher still has to attend class while conducting the research. Researcher need to manage his/her time efficiently so that it wont disturb his/her study time and research time. The availability of related magazines is also an issue to the researcher. Some bookstore does not sell magazines and some bookstore has limited types of magazines. This resulting in researcher to have limited data on his/her research. Researcher also faced with problems such as not knowing the overall location of each bookstore. Since researcher is not originated from this place, the knowledge of location of bookstore is limited.